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ScienceDaily (Feb. 27, 2012) ? The major difference between plant and animal cells is the photosynthetic process, which converts light energy into chemical energy. When light isn't available, energy is generated by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars, just as it is in animal and some bacterial cells. Two cellular organelles are responsible for these two processes: the chloroplasts for photosynthesis and the mitochondria for sugar breakdown. New research from Carnegie's Eva Nowack and Arthur Grossman has opened a window into the early stages of chloroplast evolution.
Their work is published online by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the week of February 27-March 2.
It is widely accepted that chloroplasts originated from photosynthetic, single-celled bacteria called cyanobacteria, which were engulfed by a more complex, non-photosynthetic cell more than 1.5 billion years ago. While the relationship between the two organisms was originally symbiotic, over evolutionary time the cyanobacterium transferred most of its genetic information to the nucleus of the host organism, transforming the original cyanobacterium into a chloroplast that is no longer able to survive without its host. A similar process resulted in the creation of mitochondria.
To sustain the function of the organelle, proteins encoded by the transferred genes are synthesized in the cytoplasm, or cell's interior, and then imported back into the organelle. In most systems that have been studied, the transport of proteins into the chloroplast occurs through a multi-protein import complex that enables the proteins to pass through the envelope membranes that surround the chloroplast.
Clearly the events that gave rise to chloroplasts and mitochondria changed the world forever. But it is difficult to research the process by which this happened because it took place so long ago. One strategy used to elucidate the way in which this process evolved has relied on identifying organisms for which the events that resulted in the conversion of a bacterium into a host-dependent organelle occurred more recently.
Nowack and Grossman focused their research on a type of amoeba called Paulinella chromatophora, which contains two photosynthetic compartments that also originated from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium, but that represent an earlier stage in the formation of a fully evolved organelle.
These compartments, called chromatophores, transferred more than 30 of the original cyanobacterial genes to the nucleus of the host organism. While gene transfer has been observed for other bacterial endosymbionts, the function of the transferred genes has been unclear, since it does not appear that the endosymbionts (in contrast to organelles) are equipped to recapture those proteins, because they do not have appropriate protein import machineries.
The Carnegie team honed in on three of the P. chromatophora transferred genes, which encode proteins involved in photosynthesis, a process localized to the chromatophore. They set out to determine whether these proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the amoeba and whether the mature proteins became localized to the chromatophore.
Using an advanced array of research techniques, they were able to determine that these three proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported into chromatophores, where they assemble together with other, internally encoded proteins into working protein complexes that are part of the photosynthetic process.
Interestingly, the process by which these proteins are transported into chromatophores may also be novel and involve transit through an organelle called the Golgi apparatus, prior to becoming localized to the chromatophore. This suggests the occurrence of an initial, rudimentary process for proteins to cross the envelope membrane of the nascent chloroplast. This process ultimately evolved into one that is potentially more sophisticated and that uses specific protein complexes for efficient transport.
"This work demonstrates that P. chromatophora is a potentially powerful model for studying evolutionary processes by which organelles developed," Nowack said. "Obtaining a comprehensive list of proteins imported into chromatophores, including their functions and origins, as well as understanding the pathway by which these proteins are imported, could provide insight into the mechanism that eukaryotic cells use to 'enslave' bacteria and turn them into organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria."
This research was supported by Michael Melkonian, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the National Science Foundation.
The Carnegie Institution for Science (carnegiescience.edu) is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with six research departments throughout the U.S. Since its founding in 1902, the Carnegie Institution has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and planetary science.
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Journal Reference:
Eva C. M. Nowack and Arthur R. Grossman. Trafficking of protein into the recently established photosynthetic organelles of Paulinella chromatophora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, February 27, 2012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118800109
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use
Although there are many protein bars available these days for consumers, homemade protein bars are a good way to come up with a tasty, low priced, and unique bar. Not like any of the brands of protein bars in existence, having homemade protein bars allows for an infinite number of likely flavors and ingredients. Additionally, they tend to be less expensive as the ingredients is obtainable in relatively large quantities and a large number of bars made.
This is almost always cheaper in comparison with the $4 to $7 dollar protein bars sold in stores. For people with dietary restrictions or food allergies, producing homemade bars may be the single way to have protein bars. Whilst the basic protein as well as carbohydrate parts of the protein bar can?t be taken out, the types of foodstuffs used to produce the protein and carbohydrates and sugars in the bar can be interchangeable. This will allow individuals who have specific allergies to create bars that are 100% safe for them at a much lower cost than store-bought bars. Particularly in the case of protein bars which have been made with specific food allergies and boundaries in mind the price of producing homemade bars is noticeably less.
Developing a recipe influenced by pre-existing protein bars is generally all that people today really need. This offers a chance for them to use better-quality ingredients and probably spend much less for a larger number of protein bars. There are several homemade recipe modifications for each brand-name protein bar, however, most of the m preserve the same basic principles as the bar they are modeled after. The homemade Clif bars are usually recreated with less sugar as compared to a store-bought Clif bar will include. Minimized sugar recipes are among the many reasons why people will elect to make homemade protein bars. These homemade Clif bars may well include ingredients such as puffed rice or wheat, flax seeds, oats, nuts, dried up fruits, peanut or possibly other nut butter, honey and/or sugar, and a bit of vanilla extract for flavor. Supplementary ingredients that may be added include cinnamon and coconut flakes. The varieties of dried fruits used are completely subjective, as is the choice of peanut, almond, cashew, or other nut butters. Even though they follow the fundamentals of the Clif bar, these homemade bars will usually have a flavor entirely of their own.
Homemade energy bars do not have to follow the formula of pre-existing protein bars, however. While they will tend to be comparable as the forms of ingredients that are used are rather limited, they can be totally customized in relation to add-ons and elective ingredients. This means that even though Clif bars and Power bars tend not to include ingredients like strawberries or bananas, these may easily be added into a personalized home recipe for energy bars.
Virtually any ingredient can be applied as a flavoring for the basic protein bar. Also, the ingredients themselves could be hand-picked. For those who consume only organic foods, they might want to make homemade organic protein bars. Though there are several bars available that are distributed as organic, there is nothing quite like being aware of where the ingredients were acquired and where they were grown.
It is important to examine the types of protein bars which exist before choosing a recipe. Sampling some of the ready-made bars including the Clif or Power bars can be a good way of getting tips about what can be added or subtracted from those recipes. No matter the final result, homemade protein bars are a satisfying venture in every way.
Fantasy Racing Games Available at Fantazzle Fantasy Sports Games in Segment, Monthly, and Weekly Game Durations.
ARLINGTON, VA, February 25, 2012 /24-7PressRelease/ -- To begin the Sprint Cup NASCAR season, Fantazzle will be offering a weekly free fantasy NASCAR salary cap game for the Daytona 500 race and a segment one free fantasy NASCAR salary cap game that goes from the Daytona 500 to the first race in Dover June 3rd. Both of these free fantasy racing games will give out cash prizes, but these games have limited spots available so its important for those interested to sign up right away to play these free salary cap racing games. Fantazzle has also stated that they will offer additional free fantasy NASCAR games in other game formats like pick'em in the future.
In addition to Fantazzle's free fantasy NASCAR game promotion, the fantasy site has also doubled its referral bonus specifically for the start of the 2012 NASCAR season. If you already play at Fantazzle and refer a friend to play any Segment 1 game (Feb. 26 - Jun. 3) with you, the player will receive a double-referral bonus which equates to $22 free with no limit on the amount of referrals. If you are not a current customer (or you are referred), you won't be left out. Fantazzle is currently offering a fantasy game promotion for a first time deposit bonus welcome to new players. The first time deposit bonus gives new depositing players a 25% cash bonus up to $200 free. For more information on this weekly fantasy game promotion, go to Fantazzle's daily fantasy game site blog which is the best place to view all the latest fantasy game site promotions and free fantasy game offers. Fantazzle is known within the daily fantasy game industry to have the best fantasy game promotions, daily, with new promos weekly.
The different game types and durations of fantasy racing games Fantazzle is offering include monthly, segment-long, and weekly games in a salary cap game, challenge game (basically an unlimited salary cap game), and pick'em game format (driver vs. driver fantasy game).
In the Fantasy NASCAR Salary Cap game, players have a $1 million salary cap budget to pick a lineup of five drivers who they think will perform the best and get the most fantasy points. While you can select every driver that will be active in each week's race, the catch is you must do so while staying under the $1 million salary cap budget. The better the driver, the more they cost to become a part of your team. You might be able to get both Tony Stewart and Jimmie Johnson on your team, but since they are the most expensive drivers, your final three drivers will most likely be those drivers that historically finish near the end of the pack every race. So it is up to the player to select his team and maximize the fantasy points earned to win the game and cash prize. You could take an approach like above or you may want decide to pick five drivers who are all average to above average, but are not expected to finish first. The choice is yours and it is what makes Fantazzle's games legal instead of a bet due to the skill and knowledge involved to make the correct picks. If you are a NASCAR fan, you not only learn which driver has got the skills to compete, but you also must get a feel for each track and how each driver performs on a specific track. That is what makes weekly fantasy NASCAR games exciting every week of the season.
Fantazzle's Fantasy Racing Pick'em game allows players to choose between predetermined match-ups between similar drivers (in some cases rivals or special history at the specific race track). The player with the most correct drivers in his lineup is the cash prize winner! For example, Kyle Busch vs. Kevin Harvick may be one of twelve match-ups you have to pick. You would choose the driver you believe will finish higher in the race based on the driver's performance, track history, and other variables that pits your knowledge and skill against your opponents.
The final game type is called the Fantasy Racing Challenge game. In this game, you are asked to choose five drivers from five different groups of drivers that Fantazzle has grouped together due to having similar skill and production based on the specific track's history for the drivers. It is basically an unlimited fantasy salary cap racing game with the exception that you have to choose one player from each group. If you are looking for a quicker and easier game to play, this might be your best bet. It takes a great deal of skill to pick your team, but the strategy is lessened since you have to choose from the pre-determined groups and there is no salary cap limiting your selections.
Fantazzle's Fantasy Racing scoring is similar to the NASCAR Sprint series scoring system. Drivers will be rewarded based on where they finish the race, as well as extra points for being ahead by a lap and having the most laps in the lead, etc. Once the race starts, Fantazzle will randomly group all player entries into leagues and send all players an email notifying them that the race has started and from there you can view your opponent's team. Fantazzle offers free live scoring for all of its fantasy NASCAR games and shows up to date standings of your fantasy NASCAR league. You have the ability to click on other teams and show head-to-head scoring between the opponents after the lineups have been locked in. Within a few hours of the race ending, Fantazzle's fantasy sports game software receives the final official statistics for the NASCAR race and declares a winner by sending another email to everyone and also automatically crediting the winner's account with the cash prize. Cash prizes can be as low as $8.50 for those trying a $5 entry fee game heads-up and get as high as $450 for a $100 entry fee game with five entries (Fantazzle accepts requests if you would like to see a specific entry fee and league size).
While racing is just getting underway, fantasy basketball games are hitting the midway point, at Fantazzle. Fantazzle is offering special NBA All-Star Weekend fantasy basketball games. Available only at Fantazzle is the NBA All-Star Weekend Pick'em game. This game includes all of the great events of the All-Star weekend including the Dunk and Three-Point Competitions, the Rookie vs. Sophomore game, and the All-Star game, itself. Free and entry fee games are available now to enter the one-of-a-kind game.
Some of Fantazzle's fastest growing games are their fantasy golf games. Fantazzle's free fantasy golf games are available every week there is a PGA Tour event. The fantasy sports site has opportunities to enter games and watch the tournaments pan out on Sunday's in their salary cap, pick'em and fantasy golf challenge formats. Games tee-off on Thursdays at 12pm ET and are available for free and entry-fees ranging from $5 - $100.
Fantazzle would also like to note that they will be offering dozens of fantasy baseball games this upcoming season. With spring training here and players like Albert Pujols and Prince Fielder showing up in new places, this should be one of the most exciting years in recent fantasy baseball history.
About Fantazzle Fantasy Sports Games Fantazzle Fantasy Sports Games is a fantasy sports games company that focuses on creating innovative fantasy sports skill games and contests. The company launched in September of 2008 with the goal of becoming the world leader in non-traditional fantasy games by way of their short duration fantasy games including daily fantasy games, weekly fantasy games, and more, for immediate cash prizes. Fantazzle is a U.S. corporation and a member of the Fantasy Sports Trade Association (FSTA). In January of 2009, Fantazzle surprised the fantasy sports industry by being recognized jointly by the FSTA and the Fantasy Football Librarian as the winner of the 2008 Fantasy Football Projection Accuracy Challenge in its first year of operation. Fantasy games offered by Fantazzle include fantasy football games, fantasy soccer games, fantasy basketball games, fantasy golf games, fantasy racing games, fantasy hockey games, fantasy poker games, fantasy March Madness college basketball games, and fantasy baseball games. Fantazzle is free to join and prospective members may sign up anytime at Fantazzle.com.
Fantazzle Fantasy Sports Games is a fantasy games site that provide fantasy baseball games, fantasy football games, fantasy racing games, fantasy golf games, fantasy basketball games, and fantasy hockey games.
All of our fantasy games are daily or weekly games.
http://www.fantazzle.com
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India Employment Portal: Market Solution Reprsentative vacancy at IBM India
Market Solution Reprsentative vacancy at IBM India
India Employment Portal / India Jobs / India Vacancies / India Employment / Current Vacancy in India / IBM India Jobs / IBM India Employment / IBM India Vacancies
Market Solution Reprsentative - S&D
Job ID GTS-0464665 ?Job type Full-time Regular
Work country India ?Posted 23-Feb-2012
Work city Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai, Kolkata, Surat ?Job area IT & Telecommunications (non consulting)
Travel 50% travel annually ?Job category Sales
Business unit Int Tech Svcs ?Job role General Other Category Sales
Job role skillset General Commissionable/Sales-Incentive jobs only No
Job description
1. Increase the Services Sales for IBM in target Tier 2 Cities, Handling Customer spread over a wider Geography. 2. Specialise on all Solutions and services offerings of IBM and position them in the Market place 3. Achieving key business standards / parameters ( revenues and signings ) for various solutions and services, set for specific business period. 4. Identifies and validates opportunities for all Service Product Lines, but may focus on subset of portfolio, reflective of market and seller capability 5. Acts as opportunity owner and ensures inclusion of any service within full Business portfolio which enriches the solution, addresses the client?s pain points and adds to the overall value proposition 6. Establishes/maintains relationship with client IT/business executives, acting as ?Trusted Advisor? 7. Understands competitive landscape, develops and executes an appropriate sales strategy 8. Engages all available resources to develop technically sound, high quality proposals. 9. Executes sales leadership and applies deep consultative sales skills 10. Works collaboratively with the other teams within IBM during account planning 11. Ensures smooth transition from the sales stage to the delivery stage (hand-off from sales team to transition team)
## Sound knowledge of the Territory / clients in Tier 2 Cities
? Working knowledge in the areas of
1. Networking ( Active/Passive) Solution Sales 2. Facility Management Sales 3. Security Solution Sales 4. Data Center Soluions
? Proven and successful track record in Business Development with large clients
? Knowledge of commercial processes and large bid preparations and costing
? Excellent written and oral communication and presentation skills
15 years of minimum education required
Total 6 to 8 years of experience required
## Required Skills - Technical and Non Technical
Networking ( Active/Passive) Solution Sales Facility Management Sales Security Solution Sales Data Center Soluions
Required Bachelor's Degree in Information Technology At least 1 year experience in More than 12 years of experience covering IT Infrastructure solutions/Services At least 1 year experience in Good experience in Server, Storage, Security and Business Continuity related IT Infrastructure solutions/design and related services. At least 1 year experience in High enthusiasm and business focus will be added advantage. At least 1 year experience in Mentor, guide and motivate SMEs within IMS to progress customer opportunities towards successful closure English: Fluent IBM is committed to creating a diverse environment and is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status.
If you are using a mobile phone you can submit your contact information rather than complete a full application.
****** For Further information and apply online : http://www.ibm.com/in/en/ *******
It is really prominent that the design and style and style of our houses exactly replicate our personalities and character. Anything we obtain and keep in our properties describes a thing about us. So, it is very crucial that we really should pay awareness to everything we purchase. Antiques, antique furnishings, retro furniture, vintage furniture, French furnishings, outside furnishings, antique tables, bookcases, candelabra, chaise and chest of drawers are in fashion at the moment as effectively as it is a fantastic investment also, so more and more people today are exploring antique retailers in their spot.
Antique furnishings brings particular luxury, fashion, elegance and class to your household. Anybody who wishes to have a seem at antique shops is perhaps to get anything to meet their liking and discovering around a variety of antique shops will facilitate you to make a decision what form of item you are really seeking for.
Prior to even selecting an unique style, you really should classify what type of era and place of source you wish in your antique furniture. Antiques come from all through the world. Retro furnishings and antique furnishings retailers commonly have an area specialization and so exploring some retailers may possibly help you to make a selection, although it is not possible to browse the range of eras in one particular place. Even though dealing with antique dealer, practice a very good sum of caution. This organization draws a massive volume of funds so you really should be conscious of fake deals. Before buying any antique item verify out the shop background and the information about the antique dealer. If you locate oneself just unable to do this and you are not entirely satisfied with, then it is advised to just turn your back to find your item elsewhere.
Having antique furnishings, retro furniture, French furniture or outside furniture is most undoubtedly an asset. Anyone obtaining an item of antique may be capable to get thousands of dollars, if it is well maintained. The worth of antique item depends on how ancient it is, where it was ready, the intensity of craftsmanship and the latest problem. If you are not getting certain about the item you are about to invest in, it would be much better to postpone your strategy of getting antique item than moving ahead with the risk of generating an ignorant selection. Antiques are hugely in demand, and this is the reason they are very expensive. And due to lack of right expertise about antique furnishings, French furniture or retro furniture, numerous sensible antique dealers get it basic and simple to fool individuals by supplying them fraudulent and cheap products by the title of antiques.
Collecting antique products are thought to be as a single of the most expensive hobbies. In that situation, it is incredibly vital for them to take the standard essential actions that can facilitate them protect and care for their investments. One particular should also know incredibly very well the approaches of cleaning and dealing with antique furniture, antique table, Bookcases, Candelabra, Chaise, chest of drawers. Apart from understanding the dealing with and cleansing people need to also know variables that may cause harm or scratch to furnishings or any other item. They must recognize things to steer clear of the scenarios turning their furniture weak to harm.
Paul Archie is a popular author and journalist at some of the well-known on-line life style magazines these days. Go to his newest project, an extensive resource site about mid century furniture in which you can get thorough overview on the mid century modern furniture today.
When you surf the internet, what you?re really searching for is content of some kind. Think about it: all of the marketing and advertising messages you see. You need to use content whenever you want to let people know about your product or business. If you?re not very experienced at online marketing, this can seem a little hard to digest. All you really need to figure out is how to come up with content that benefits you. When you start to explore the possibilities, you find that there are many ways that content marketing can bring you publicity and traffic. If you apply the content marketing principles we?ll be sharing in this article, you?ll find that they can help make your business more profitable. traffic with anik review
Offer to contribute guest posts to blogs. One of the best ways to get yourself noticed this by offering to appear as a guest poster. This will get you noticed by a wide range of people. By placing this content on someone else?s blog, a new audience will be introduced to what you have to offer. Doing this also helps you build relationships with other people by blog. As your audience expands, so also will your bank account through sales. As an added benefit, you will have new back links going to your sites. This will also help you expand your business and brand name at the same time. Best of all, your profit margins will be so much better once this is done. You need to make sure that the guest blogs get high quality content each time you do it. renegade millionaire Podcasting is another thing you can do. Most Internet Marketers do not utilize the power of podcast for some reason. Video is a very powerful tool. You are aware of how powerful text can be. Using audio files is also a powerful way to market. If you were to put this up on your website, or that people downloaded on iTunes, it would be very useful. If the content is good you should get plenty of listeners. When you allow another person to join you on your daily or weekly podcast and they tell other people that they know about it, you can get exposure to thousands of other people by doing this one simple thing. Inevitably, buyers and clients will come out of this joint venture done through audio. Street Smart Profits Review
Get together with other local business owners (remember, even if it?s online, Internet Marketing is a business) and put on a workshop for people who want to go into business for themselves. Put together a group of people from every area of business from finance to marketing to being creative and show others how not just to start a business but how to form a successful business. Charging an entry fee will help you earn money while also building relationships and partnerships. What?s even more important, this is going to help you find more buyers for your products and services while simultaneously building relationships in your local area. All of these things can help you really raise your bottom line.
There are all sorts of ways for you to use content marketing to your advantage. This is largely due to the fact that there are lots of ways to employ content. Whether you prefer to write articles or make videos or podcasts, you can do whatever appeals to you. You have many choices, but what?s important is that you pick a direction and start creating content in that area. Luckily you have the tips we?ve shared in this article to help you out with that so get to work!
Harvard scientists have made complex bio-machines out of "DNA origami" that could help target cancer cells. Photo: Shawn Douglas
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In a concept that sounds eerily similar to science fiction, researchers from Harvard University have created tiny nano-sized "DNA robots" that can be instructed to hunt and destroy cancer cells. Scientists created the bio-machines to carry out the duties normally reserved for immune-system-boosting white blood cells, and the mini-robots could potentially lead to treatments for other autoimmune diseases. Here, a brief look at this "exciting" new experimental form of therapy:
How do these robots kill cancer? The tiny devices were constructed out of DNA strands and folded into a shape resembling a clamshell. Researchers call it the "DNA origami" method. The devices are pre-programmed to open up in the presence of cancerous cells. Once open, the robot releases a series of antibodies that cause its target to self-destruct. "The idea is based on the behavior of the body's immune cells," says Elizabeth Lopatto at Bloomberg Businessweek, "which recognize viruses or other invaders and attack them." (Watch a demonstration below.)
And this really worked? In preliminary lab-controlled tests, a team of Harvard scientists, led by Shawn Douglas, used the DNA robots to identify and effectively kill leukemia and lymphoma cells in a petri dish. "In diseases such as cancer, we know if we can find every single last cell and kill or reprogram it, we can cure disease," said Douglas.
What's next for the cancer-killing bots? Researchers will test the robots in animals like mice. Introducing the robots into living bodies will present a new set of challenges, says The State Column, including figuring out how to minimize the robot's toxicity levels, and increasing the amount of time the robots can circulate in the blood stream, particularly because the DNA robots can't reproduce on their own. Commercial use of the robots is still years away.
Sources: Bloomberg Businessweek, Mashable, The State Column, Technorati
AP - President Hugo Chavez announced Tuesday that doctors in Cuba found a new lesion in the same place where a cancerous tumor was removed last year and said that he is not deathly ill but will require surgery.
The internet has been the cause of lots of great things ever since its launch ? the ability to discuss news and views with men and women all around the world, allowing us to get in touch with old friends by using social media, and, not surprisingly, helping to make shopping for anything a lot easier and cheaper. Buying wine is no exception, with many wine merchants having a strong presence on the internet to make sure that customers can get their hands on the very best quality wines at the very best prices.
Customers can also use the web to research wines, to uncover just the right option for their approaching dinner party or family event. Wine merchants who utilize the internet to market their products must additionally keep in mind that a lot of wine drinkers also want to know something about the wine they are drinking. So in addition to offering pricing and shipping information, it is a good plan to include background information regarding where the wine originates from and also which foods it goes well with. Consumers are much more likely to purchase from a business that provides them a bit more than only a click and buy alternative on their website.
The fact is, a lot of people are making use of the web sites created by wine merchants even when they have no intention of buying wine, as a great number of of those web pages are actually the source of the best information on wine on the internet. Absolutely everyone wants to seem as though they?re a wine buff when entertaining friends or co-workers, and it is no longer sufficient to simply serve great wines along with your meal. Lots of individuals now introduce their wine along with some relevant details or an intriguing fact about the wine, which they have possibly picked up online.
Wine merchants can even use internet retail tools to attempt to encourage customers to buy a lot more wine from their store. After they?ve made one purchase from you, it is possible to make use of online platforms to make recommendations to buyers for future choices, determined by the kind of wines they like.
After all, if an individual constantly chooses to purchase white wines from your web site, there is little point in letting them know about the special offer presently running on reds. It?s a wasted opportunity when you could be advertising a new white wine that they are a lot more likely to buy. A lot of sites employ this kind of targeted advertising to promote products a person?s online behavior suggest they will like.
Not surprisingly, wine stores in small towns have been doing that for years, getting to know their shoppers and their preferences. But thanks to technology, companies can easily reach a much wider audience and boost their sales as a result.
Are you looking for online wine wholesalers? Be sure to visit the site of the Le Bon Vin wine merchants UK.
Where would we be today without our gift of sight? Of all the senses, sight is perhaps the most valuable, and the feeling that depend mostly. Binocular vision is one of the reasons for the rapid evolution and eventual domination of the human species on the planet. In other words, we owe much to our vision.
However, you can remember the last time you did before your eyes? Unlike bedtime, your eyes are in constant operation, and information. Few people even bother to consult an ophthalmologist regularly with eyes or adjust the controls did. Add to that the large amount of time that most of us spend in front of the television and computer, and you can easily understand why most people in the Western world are beginning to suffer from eye problems that reach its 20 years overdue.
One of the main reasons why people like me who do not have their eyes checked regularly is not financially. A visit to an eye specialist can be very expensive and getting glasses or contact lenses even further. In the current economic climate, it is not surprising that most people tend to ignore the health of your eyes.
Fortunately, there are many solutions to the cost of eye exams and eyeglasses or contact lenses to reduce. It is the best individual vision insurance.
In the vision of individual insurance is exactly what it sounds like - an insurance plan tailored to ensure that their eyes. A typical plan includes everything from regular visits to the eye doctor (ophthalmologist), glasses and contact lenses, and even major surgery such as LASIK or cataract.
On this day, when most of us have to spend long hours on the computer screen as part of our work, it is imperative that we take precautions to ensure that your eyes are healthy and at the same time, the cost of such. An insurance policy vision is closely related to a must-have, even if you have vision problems at the moment.
If more than one person in your family had eye problems, you can also buy an insurance plan of the view that the cost of government would reduce even further, providing adequate coverage for the whole family.
Home improvement projects are most successful if you are able to focus on more than the goal. Most of us ignore the components of the actual product itself. What tends to happen is we don?t properly prepare thus the little things will not be done. Sometimes, however, small details that we overlook become big problems. Those are the lessons we all tend to never forget, and it just depends on the nature of the consequences. Doing things like this tend to occur because of ritualistic habits. This article is focused upon several home-improvement problems to avoid.
Before starting home improvements of any size, you must think about safety. Each and every year people are seriously injured and sometimes killed by accidents around the home. Safety precautions should always be taken, even if these steps slow down the job. Whenever working with power tools, take the time to unplug the tool when changing out parts. For safety?s sake, don?t skip this important step. Extra safety precautions need to be taken whenever working with circular saws. When not in use, you can use a piece of hose with a slit in it to cover the sharp blade edges.
Using any kind of ladder, whether tall or short, should be taken seriously as a potential safety issue. Using someone at the base of the ladder to hold it steady is a great safety precaution. This extra person can be there to keep the ladder stable in case anything happens. Ladder tipping is a common error made by most novice and professional users. Staying centered allows you to keep from falling.
Take the time to setup up the ladder and reposition it to make sure it is secure. Remember that each place that you work with the ladder can be different. If you will be near a door, then put a sign on the other side so people will know you are there.
Painting the walls of a room is one the quickest and least expensive home improvements a person can do. In less than a weekend you can have a completely fresh looking room. This is perhaps one of those things that just needs to be done and over with. Before starting a painting job, no matter how small or big the project is, be sure to protect yourself against paint fumes. Do yourself a favor and purchase a painter?s mask to protect yourself from paint fumes. For anyone sensitive to fumes or with respiratory issues, get a better mask such as a filtering mask. A mask like this will have replaceable cartridges. Even the neatest of painters aren?t immune from paint splatter. Consider protecting your eyes. An inexpensive set of safety goggles is ideal eye protection. Locate them at your local hardware supply store. Be aware that you will probably encounter any number of minor problems during your work, but that is a common occurrence, so don?t be dismayed. That is why planning, thinking ahead and using a little common sense will often go a long way.
Working on your own house is an enjoyable experience. You can see good quality outcomes, and enjoy exactly what you?ve achieved. One method to do this is as simple as changing or adding some inside illumination. You?ll be astonished how inside illumination can really make your house seem stunning. Seek advice from your neighborhood home center for more information.
Easily preserve lots of cash while using amazing Lighting Direct coupon making your home look gorgeous. To uncover exactly how, take a look at the Lighting Direct coupon site straight away.
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Yosemite's alpine chipmunks take genetic hit from climate changePublic release date: 19-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Sarah Yang scyang@berkeley.edu 510-643-7741 University of California - Berkeley
Berkeley -- Global warming has forced alpine chipmunks in Yosemite to higher ground, prompting a startling decline in the species' genetic diversity, according to a new study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley.
The study, appearing Sunday, Feb. 19, in the advance online publication of the journal Nature Climate Change, is one of the first to show a hit to the genetic diversity of a species because of a recent climate-induced change in the animals' geographic range. What's more, the genetic erosion occurred in the relatively short span of 90 years, highlighting the rapid threat changing climate can pose to a species.
With low genetic diversity a species can be more vulnerable to the effects of inbreeding, disease and other problems that threaten species survival, the researchers said.
"Climate change is implicated as the cause of geographic shifts observed among birds, small mammals and plants, but this new work shows that, particularly for mountain species like the alpine chipmunk, such shifts can result in increasingly fragmented and genetically impoverished populations," said study lead author Emily Rubidge, who conducted the research while a Ph.D. student at UC Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management. "Under continued warming, the alpine chipmunk could be on the trajectory towards becoming threatened or even extinct."
Rubidge worked with Craig Moritz, professor of integrative biology and director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; James Patton, professor emeritus of integrative biology and curator of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; and Justin Brashares, associate professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management.
The new findings build upon previous research that found major shifts in the range of small mammals in Yosemite National Park since the early 1900s. In 2003, biologists at UC Berkeley began an ambitious resurvey of Yosemite's birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, retracing the steps originally taken between 1914 and 1920 by Joseph Grinnell, founder and former director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.
The Grinnell Resurvey Project, led by Moritz and museum colleagues, found that many small mammals in Yosemite moved or retracted their ranges to higher, cooler elevations over the past century, a period when the average temperature in the park increased by 3 degrees Celsius, or about 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit.
It is no surprise that the alpine chipmunk (Tamias alpinus) would be more sensitive to the temperature change, since it is a high-elevation species endemic to California's Sierra Nevada, the researchers said. In the early 1900s, Grinnell and colleagues sighted alpine chipmunks at elevations of 7,800 feet. Now, the alpine chipmunk appears to be sticking to even higher elevations, retracting its range by about 1,640 feet upslope.
To test the genetic impact from that loss of geographic range, researchers compared genetic markers from 146 modern-day alpine chipmunks with those from 88 of their historical counterparts. Samples were collected from seven paired sites throughout Yosemite.
As a control, the researchers also looked at the genetics both historic and modern of lodgepole chipmunks (Tamias speciosus), a lower elevation species that had not changed its range over the past century.
The analysis of genetic markers revealed a significant decline in "allele richness" among the recently sampled alpine chipmunk populations compared with their historic counterparts. Moreover, the researchers noted that the modern chipmunks were more genetically differentiated across sites than in the past, a sign of increased fragmentation in the alpine chipmunk population.
In comparison, there were no significant changes in genetic diversity detected among the lodgepole chipmunks, a species found at elevations from 4,900 to 9,800 feet.
"Much of what we read and hear about the effects of climate change on biodiversity is based on model projections and simulations, and these models typically involve many moving parts and lots of uncertainty," said Brashares. "Thanks to the baseline provided by Joseph Grinnell's pioneering efforts in the early 20th century, we are able to go beyond projections to document how climate is altering life in California. The research led by Emily is novel and important because it shows empirically that climate change has led to the loss of genetic diversity in a wild mammal over the last several decades."
Moritz added that this study exemplifies how patterns of change in California's ecosystems can be uncovered through analyses of fossil, historic and modern records.
"At the heart of this whole enterprise is the incredibly dense historic record and specimens we have at UC Berkeley from 100 years ago," said Moritz. "These collections allow us to conduct sophisticated analyses to better understand how ecosystems are reacting to environmental changes, and to create more detailed models of future changes."
###
Other study co-authors are Marisa Lim, a UC Berkeley undergraduate student in integrative biology; and Cole Burton, former UC Berkeley graduate student in environmental science, policy and management (now a research associate at the University of Alberta in Canada).
Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, UC Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, the Yosemite Fund, the National Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Yosemite's alpine chipmunks take genetic hit from climate changePublic release date: 19-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Sarah Yang scyang@berkeley.edu 510-643-7741 University of California - Berkeley
Berkeley -- Global warming has forced alpine chipmunks in Yosemite to higher ground, prompting a startling decline in the species' genetic diversity, according to a new study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley.
The study, appearing Sunday, Feb. 19, in the advance online publication of the journal Nature Climate Change, is one of the first to show a hit to the genetic diversity of a species because of a recent climate-induced change in the animals' geographic range. What's more, the genetic erosion occurred in the relatively short span of 90 years, highlighting the rapid threat changing climate can pose to a species.
With low genetic diversity a species can be more vulnerable to the effects of inbreeding, disease and other problems that threaten species survival, the researchers said.
"Climate change is implicated as the cause of geographic shifts observed among birds, small mammals and plants, but this new work shows that, particularly for mountain species like the alpine chipmunk, such shifts can result in increasingly fragmented and genetically impoverished populations," said study lead author Emily Rubidge, who conducted the research while a Ph.D. student at UC Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management. "Under continued warming, the alpine chipmunk could be on the trajectory towards becoming threatened or even extinct."
Rubidge worked with Craig Moritz, professor of integrative biology and director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; James Patton, professor emeritus of integrative biology and curator of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; and Justin Brashares, associate professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management.
The new findings build upon previous research that found major shifts in the range of small mammals in Yosemite National Park since the early 1900s. In 2003, biologists at UC Berkeley began an ambitious resurvey of Yosemite's birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, retracing the steps originally taken between 1914 and 1920 by Joseph Grinnell, founder and former director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.
The Grinnell Resurvey Project, led by Moritz and museum colleagues, found that many small mammals in Yosemite moved or retracted their ranges to higher, cooler elevations over the past century, a period when the average temperature in the park increased by 3 degrees Celsius, or about 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit.
It is no surprise that the alpine chipmunk (Tamias alpinus) would be more sensitive to the temperature change, since it is a high-elevation species endemic to California's Sierra Nevada, the researchers said. In the early 1900s, Grinnell and colleagues sighted alpine chipmunks at elevations of 7,800 feet. Now, the alpine chipmunk appears to be sticking to even higher elevations, retracting its range by about 1,640 feet upslope.
To test the genetic impact from that loss of geographic range, researchers compared genetic markers from 146 modern-day alpine chipmunks with those from 88 of their historical counterparts. Samples were collected from seven paired sites throughout Yosemite.
As a control, the researchers also looked at the genetics both historic and modern of lodgepole chipmunks (Tamias speciosus), a lower elevation species that had not changed its range over the past century.
The analysis of genetic markers revealed a significant decline in "allele richness" among the recently sampled alpine chipmunk populations compared with their historic counterparts. Moreover, the researchers noted that the modern chipmunks were more genetically differentiated across sites than in the past, a sign of increased fragmentation in the alpine chipmunk population.
In comparison, there were no significant changes in genetic diversity detected among the lodgepole chipmunks, a species found at elevations from 4,900 to 9,800 feet.
"Much of what we read and hear about the effects of climate change on biodiversity is based on model projections and simulations, and these models typically involve many moving parts and lots of uncertainty," said Brashares. "Thanks to the baseline provided by Joseph Grinnell's pioneering efforts in the early 20th century, we are able to go beyond projections to document how climate is altering life in California. The research led by Emily is novel and important because it shows empirically that climate change has led to the loss of genetic diversity in a wild mammal over the last several decades."
Moritz added that this study exemplifies how patterns of change in California's ecosystems can be uncovered through analyses of fossil, historic and modern records.
"At the heart of this whole enterprise is the incredibly dense historic record and specimens we have at UC Berkeley from 100 years ago," said Moritz. "These collections allow us to conduct sophisticated analyses to better understand how ecosystems are reacting to environmental changes, and to create more detailed models of future changes."
###
Other study co-authors are Marisa Lim, a UC Berkeley undergraduate student in integrative biology; and Cole Burton, former UC Berkeley graduate student in environmental science, policy and management (now a research associate at the University of Alberta in Canada).
Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, UC Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, the Yosemite Fund, the National Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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ScienceDaily (Feb. 17, 2012) ? A new study led by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found significant differences in brain development starting at age 6 months in high-risk infants who later develop autism, compared to high-risk infants who did not develop autism.
"It's a promising finding," said Jason J. Wolff, PhD, lead author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow at UNC's Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (CIDD). "At this point, it's a preliminary albeit great first step towards thinking about developing a biomarker for risk in advance of our current ability to diagnose autism."
The study also suggests, Wolff said, that autism does not appear suddenly in young children, but instead develops over time during infancy. This raises the possibility "that we may be able to interrupt that process with targeted intervention," he said.
Joseph Piven, MD, director of the CIDD, is senior author of the study.
The study was published online on Feb. 17 at AJP in Advance, a section of the website of the American Journal of Psychiatry. Its results are the latest from the ongoing Infant Brain Imaging Study (IBIS) Network, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health and headquartered at UNC. Piven received an NIH Autism Centers of Excellence (ACE) program network award for the IBIS Network in 2007. ACE networks consist of researchers at many facilities in locations throughout the country, all of whom work together on a single research question.
Participants in the study were 92 infants who all have older siblings with autism and thus are considered to be at high risk for autism themselves. All had diffusion tensor imaging -- which is a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- at 6 months and behavioral assessments at 24 months. Most also had additional brain imaging scans at either or both 12 and 24 months.
At 24 months, 28 infants (30 percent) met criteria for autism spectrum disorders while 64 infants (70 percent) did not. The two groups differed in white matter fiber tract development -- pathways that connect brain regions -- as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA). FA measures white matter organization and development, based on the movement of water molecules through brain tissue.
This study examined 15 separate fiber tracts, and found significant differences in FA trajectories in 12 of the 15 tracts between infants who did develop autism versus infants who did not. Infants who later developed autism had elevated FA at six months but then experienced slower change over time. By 24 months of age, infants with autism had lower FA values than infants without autism.
"This evidence, which implicates multiple fiber pathways, suggests that autism is a whole-brain phenomenon not isolated to any particular brain region," Wolff said.
Eighteen researchers are listed as co-authors of the study. Study co-authors with UNC affiliations include Wolff, Piven, Hongbin Gu,PhD; Guido Gerig,PhD; Jed T. Elison, PhD; Martin Styner, PhD; Geraldine Dawson, PhD and Heather C. Hazlett, PhD. Other institutions and organizations that took part in the study include the University of Utah, Washington University in St. Louis, University of Washington, McGill University, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Alberta.
In addition to funding from the NIH, the IBIS Network receives support from Autism Speaks and the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, via Newswise.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Jason J. Wolff. Differences in White Matter Fiber Tract Development Present From 6 to 24 Months in Infants With Autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2012; DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11091447
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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Public release date: 19-Feb-2012
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